
Derivational Morphology of gjax-zym-byn


(probably a complete or nearly complete rewrite of the first two major sections
of semantic.htm.  consider the way derbyshire organizes his section on that
subject in _hixkaryana_, & the lingua questionnaire.)

opening: passage on compounding can stay.  general note on
productivity of suffixes, except for the umecaj, and exclusively
suffixing nature of lang.  complete list of umecaj suffixes,
with details to follow later.

breakdown of suffixes according to the grammatical category they produce:

=
- same category as stem
- nouns
- verbs
- modifiers
- postpositions (brief note w/ link to syntax doc)
- conjunction ({-sqar} only)

==========

gjax-zym-byn has 78 suffixes (as of May 2010), the vast majority of
which, or perhaps all of which, are more accurately described as
derivational rather than inflectional.  Most of them are fairly
productive derivational processes, applicable ad-hoc to any stem for
whose basic meaning their meaning-transformation would make sense.  In
the following discussion I'll explicitly note the few suffixes that
are %%not%% fully productive, whose use forms new words whose meanings
are not predictable from the meanings of the stem and the suffix.

I'll classify the suffixes in two ways: (1) by the type of word they
produce, and (2) by the type of stem they can be applied to.

In the suffix glosses which follow, a tilde '~' signifies the referent
of the stem to which the suffix is applied.

--------

Suffixes that form nouns

tla			a professional concerned with ~, one who does ~ for a living
pja			person who does ~ avocationally, not for money; amateur, hobbyist, volunteer
lox			believer, adherent, follower of ~
zwa			would-be ~, person who desires and strives to be ~
mla			spouse of one's relative
toxl			relative of one's spouse
zqar			becoming ~; coming to have quality ~, be a ~
gla			time-period ordinal
nxla			day-of-week ordinal
ram			proper (personal) name tag
sqam			proper (family, tribe) name tag
wam			place name tag
lam			language proper name tag
gam			general non-personal name tag
kxam			foreign title identifier tag
baw			derives words for classes of phoneme from example words containing two or more such phonemes
nxox			chemical that's primary/active incredient of ~
pxa			thing or substance resulting from action
ha			substance with which one does ~, which effects ~
kar			substance to which one typically does ~
cxa			tool with which one does ~
jxwa			place full of ~
kox			place where one does ~
vox			name of glyph representing ~
zla			the whole set of ~ everywhere, or within a given context
daj			a set of ~ of the same kind in the same place, a mass or collection of ~
dox			violation of ~
hox			the set of terms which might be meaningfully applied to ~
jxam			the sort of thing to which ~ (or its opposite) might apply

In addition, the abstract nominalizer clitic {toqj} acts much like a
suffix, and can be applied to postpositions, postpositional phrases,
core modifier particles, and derived verbs and adjectives to turn them
into abstract nouns.

hoql			whole, entire (quantifier particle)
hoql-toqj		whole, entirety, gestalt
joqm			most of (quantifier)
joqm-toqj		majority
vax onx			into the digestive system
vax-onx-toqj		the process of eating/feeding
pwiqm			water
pwiqm-rox		humble
pwiqm-rox-toqj		humility
ciq			the number one
ciq-tan			united, unified
ciq-tan-toqj		unity
mje			past tense adverb
mje-toqj		the past

tu-frax-txaj muw-i     %%joqm-toqj%%   tu-i   twax-zox 
AGT-ask-OPP1 subset-at %%most.of-NMZ%% AGT-at say-V.ACT 

hoqnx jyn-lym-fwa-sra         nxiqn-i keq'kul koq  miq-i.
that  pleasure-taste-CAUS-CMP CMT-at  cola    this TOP-at
A majority of the respondents said that this cola was the tastiest.


All of the
link: #suffixoid suffixoid roots
also form nouns; some of them will be discussed further below in context
with suffixes of similar or related meaning.

..........TODO copy in text about suffixoid roots from old version.
where within the new version should it go?  near beginning, or end, or...?

The first group of suffixes form words for kinds of person:

.....copy in table for -tla, -pja, -lox, -zwa and -zwa example sentence



mluj             gjax-kriq-za          i  %%kriq-gjax-pja%%           sroq
small.convention language-creation-ADJ at %%create-language-amateur%% many

liqw-o          kuln   jax-o    hyw-pq-moxj.
relationship-to friend state-to direct.knowledge-3-V.RECP
At the Language Creation Conference conlangers meet one another and become friends.

italia-wam   i  %%ler-toqj-lox%%      miq-i  franqs-wam    i  %%deq'dax-lox%% fxum-i     fjoq.
Italy-NAME.P at %%future-NMZ-member%% TOP-at France-NAME.P at %%Dada-member%% similar-at FUZZY
The Italian Futurists were somewhat similar to the French Dadaists.



..... and later table for -mla / -toxl


{-zqar} indicates a process or event of becoming the kind of entity
denoted by the stem, or beginning to have the quality or be in the
state denoted by the stem.

zunq		alive
zunq-cox	dead
zunq-cox-zqar	death, event or process of dying
req'jxy		wife
req'jxy-zqar	getting married, marriage, wedding (of a woman)
req'jxy-toxn	spouse, couple
req'jxy-toxn-zqar	getting married, marriage, wedding (of a couple)
fxum			similarity
fxum-zqar		assimilation
jxu			maturity
jxu-zqar		growing up, maturing

But if the stem denotes an action or
process, the ordinary root morpheme {giqn} "beginning" is used to
indicate 
link: grammar.htm#p5_598264 inceptive aspect;
contrast these verb formations with the entity stem {req'jxy}, the 
quality stem {jxu}, and the action stem {runx}:

req'jxy-zqar-van	to get married
jxu-zxar-van		to grow up
runx			going, coming, motion
runx-giqn		starting to go, getting into motion
runx-giqn-zox		to get going, to set out

{-zqar} was added to the language relatively late (March 2007) as 
link: http://archives.conlang.info/wae/whiangun/chuenkhilquan.html morphological sugar
for verbose {toqj}-nominalizations of {jax-o} postpositional phrases.

The nominal ordinal suffixes {-gla} and {-nxla} are discussed in
detail in the section on
link: #p16 number-derivations,
along with the adjectival/adverbial ordinal suffixes {-pa} and {-saw}.
I classify them as nominal suffixes because the resulting ordinals
can be used as the head of a noun phrase, though they also tend
(more often than most other nouns) to act as apposite noun modifiers.
E.g.,

%%gxu-gla%%        i   tyn   koq  o   runx-pq-zox.
%%thirteen-ORD.T%% at  place this to  move-3-V.ACT
She arrived at one o'clock p.m.

cxul        meqr'kun-dal      %%hqy-gla%%      kax-i  kax-ku-mq-zox          de.
performance radio.wave-origin %%nineteen-ORD.T ATT-at attention-hear-3-V.ACT HAB
He listens to [a certain] seven p.m. radio program nowadays.


Foreign names and titles not completely assimilated to gzb
phonotactics are marked with a suffix indicating the kind of entity
named:

.....next copy in stuff about names.  add this, maybe not at end:

If a person has a pen-name or pseudonym, or if they have legally
changed their name to a form that has separate parts corresponding to
the personal name and family name of a traditional multi-part name,
but in which the last name doesn't have a connection to their
ancestors (as far as the speaker knows), then the entire name is
transliterated with hyphens between its parts, and the {-ram} suffix
is appended to the whole thing; the {-sqam} family name suffix is not
used in such cases.  The not uncommon method of forming a pen-name
using one's middle name and mother's maiden name is an exception;
{-sqam} could be used with the family name in that case.

Pen name:

%%mark-twejn-ram%%  daxm-rq         {%%heqklberij-ram%%   %%fiqn-sqam%%}   kax-i  lju-zox.
%%Mark_Twain-NAME%% authorship-from %%Huckleberry-NAME%%  %%Finn-NAME.F%%  ATT-at read-V.ACT


Legally changed name:

zxix'giq-cxu-gla i  %%sonja-elen-kisa-ram%%    daxm-rq         toki-pona-lam-la kax-i  sunx-hoxw-ca.
2003-2-ORD.T     at %%Sonja_Elen_Kisa-NAME.F%% authorship-from Toki_Pona-NAME.L ATT-at know.how-CAUS2-V.REFL
I learned [taught myself] Sonja Elen Kisa's Toki Pona in 2005.

Names of spouses, or collaborators in some artistic work, are often 
linked together with 
link: grammar.htm#ke_synergy the synergy-conjunction {ke},
the name-suffix {-ram} being used only once after both names.

Names are sometimes used as apposite modifiers of common nouns,
especially if a {-ram} name is used for a nonhuman, and with the
generic {-gam} names for brand-name foodstuffs, drugs, vehicles, etc.
This rarely if ever occurs with names marked with the more specific
suffixes like {-wam} and {-lam}.

pax-sox-van              %%raxm%% %%meriqn-ram%%.
restless-tending-V.STATE %%cat%%  %%Meryn-NAME%%
Meryn (a cat) is restless.

%%pliq%%   %%asetamiqnofen-gam%%    sxiqw-i      jyn-cox-taxlm      jax-rq.
%%pill%%   %%acetaminophen-NAME.G%% substance-at pleasure-OPP2-head state-from
I got rid of my headache using acetaminophen (a pill).

When a foreign name is cited without being transliterated (I may do
this if I am unsure of its pronunciation), it goes into quote marks
(curly brackets); a name-suffix then follows the quoted name.
Sometimes foreign names which are acronyms in the source-language are
quoted as all-caps Latin letters, in which case quote marks are not
needed because the capital letters thoroughly distinguish them from
surrounding gzb text; the name-suffix is still suffixed (with a
hyphen).

kriq-gjax-pja-kxa                {Javant Biarujia}-ram  daxm-rq         graxm-cjaj   goq.
create-language-amateur-RESPECT "Javant Biarujia"-NAME  authorship-from message-SPEC behold
Hey, an email from Javant Biarujia!

IHOP-gam    o  runx-zox kujm-sqar      vax-onx-zox        kq-pq.
IHOP-NAME.G to go-V.ACT purpose-CONJ digestion-into-V.ACT 1-3
We went to eat at IHOP.


Some few foreign names and titles have fully-assimilated forms that
conform fully to gzb phonotactics and morpheme-shape rules.  These
forms do not require a name suffix when they occur; they occur in the
lexicon and block other gzb words from being coined with the same
form.

hxrix'cu		Christ, Messiah
jix'sxu			Jesus, Joshua
pix'tiqr		Peter, Pyotr, Pierre, Pedro...
jeq'nu			John, Jane, Joannes, Ivan, Johann, Jean, Jeanne, Joan, Juan...
mix'riqj		Miriam, Mary, Maria, Mario, Marie, Mariah...

If a native gzb word (root or derived) is used as a proper name but
has a basic meaning other than as a name, whether it's translating the
meaning of a foreign name or originally naming some entity in gzb, the
appropriate name suffix must be used.



{-baw} derives a word for a type of phoneme from an example
word that contains two or more phonemes that belong to
that class.  It's idiomatic and not fully productive; 
given gzb's morphophonology, I haven't been able come up with 
satisfactory {-baw}-derivations for various kinds of 
vowel.  The stable words derived from {-baw} are as follows:

fix'sunq-baw		fricative consonant
keq'pax-baw		plosive consonant
niqm-baw		nasal consonant
ljaxw-baw		approximant
tq-pq-baw		click consonant


{-cxa} forms words for tools, including software and other useful things.
With process roots, it means a tool for doing so and so; with quality roots,
a tool for rendering something such and such:

hxax			cutting
hxax-cxa		knife, sword, axe, saw
jiqm			pure, unmixed
jiqm-cxa		filter
vxaxwn			buying on credit
vxaxwn-cxa		credit card
gu			choice
gu-cxa			ballot
kxiqn			building, construction
sqiqm-cu		software (algorithm-system)
kxiqn-sqiqm-cu-cxa	compiler

{-cxa} is normally used on a nominal stem, but in one case at least it
suffixes after a verb suffix:

riqm			seeing
riqm-ca			to see oneself (reflexive verb)
riqm-ca-cxa		mirror

Contrast {riqm-cxa}, "eyeglasses", formed on the bare root {riqm}.



Of the substance suffixes, {-pxa}, {-kar}, and {-ha} are 
semantically regular and productive; {-nxox} is idiomatic and not
fully productive.  {-pxa} and {-kar} apply only to process stems;
{-ha}, to either quality or process stems:

kxaxrm			coughing
kxaxrm-pxa		mucus from lungs
lju			reading
lju-kar			text
vax-onx-zox		to ingest (eat or drink)
vax-onx-kar		food and drink
sqyj			cleanness
sqyj-ha			soap (actually a broad term including detergents, shampoo, toothpaste)
kaxj			exchange, trade
kaxj-ha			money, medium of exchange

There is no predictable rule for what substance will be selected 
as the "primary ingredient" of a stem noun by {-nxox}.

teqn'ju			tea
teqn'ju-nxox		caffeine
by			air
by-nxox			nitrogen
lix'klax		milk
lix'klax-nxox		calcium
mrunq			mountain
mrunq-nxox		rock, stone



Two suffixes form words for places -- typically buildings or rooms,
less often outdoor spaces.  {-jxwa} describes a place having many of
the thing referred to by the stem; {-kox}, a place where one typically
does the process or action referred to by the stem.  In retrospect
this distinction seems unnecessary, but the words formed from them are
stable and aren't going to change at this point.  

biqm			drained container
biqm-jxwa		restroom, bathroom
max			person
max-jxwa		city
kaxj			trade, selling, buying
kaxj-kox		store, market
gujnx			digging, excavating
gujnx-kox		mine

Sometimes two nouns
formed from {-kox} and {-jxwa} are used together, one modifying the
other, when it seems necessary to reduce ambiguity:

twax-cu			book
twax-cu-jxwa		bookstore, library
bwiql-syj-zox		to lend (to give the use of)
kaxj-kox twax-cu-jxwa	bookstore
bwiql-syj-kox twax-cu-jxwa	lending library
pliq-toxn			medicine
kaxj-kox pliq-toxn-jxwa		pharmacy, drugstore

{-kox} can also be used with a reflexive verb stem:

sqyj			cleanness
sqyj-ca			to clean oneself, to bathe or shower
sqyj-ca-kox		bathroom, bath-house, showers

I think potentially some other noun-deriving suffixes (maybe {-pja} and
{-ha} for instance) could suffix to reflexive verb stems, but this and
{riqm-ca-cxa} are the only such words attested so far.



......copy in table for {-vox}

The suffixes {-daj} and {-zla} form collective nouns, as do
the suffixoid roots {cu} and {kwiq}:

.....copy in table for -zla etc.


{-dox} forms a word for a violation of a standard described by the
stem.  Compare the modifier-forming suffix {-ja} "fitting, in
accordance with" discussed below.  {-dox} words are basically nouns,
but can also act as modifiers of other nouns, or of verbs.

.....copy in dox/ja table and cut out -ja lines

%%gxax-dox%%      koq  miq-i  hxul-gox     nxiqn-i.
%%law-violation%% this TOP-at anger-worthy CMT-at
This crime is something one ought to be angry about.

vax-onx-toqj       %%fiqm-dox%%         gaxn-rq    fiqm-cox    jax-o    kxuj-tq-van.
digestion-into-NMZ %%health-violation%% cause-from health-OPP2 state-to danger-2-V.STATE
Because of unhealthy eating, you are in danger of getting sick.

kq daxm-rq         gju    kax-i  ku-pq-van      %%kax-dox%%.
1  authorship-from speech ATT-at hear-3-V.STATE %%attention-violation%%
She heard inattentively what I was saying.

Above, {gxax-dox} is head of a noun phrase; {fiqm-dox} modifies
another noun (here a nominalized postpositional phrase) within a noun
phrase; {kax-dox} acts as an adverb, modifying the verb of the
sentence.




.....finally copy in  -hox/-jxam discussion


------


Suffixes that form modifiers

box			quality noun -> adjective
za			having to do with, associated with ~
tan			~like, resembling ~, similar to ~
rox			characteristic quality of (entity noun -> adjective)
fwa			causative: inducing a state of ~, causing to be ~, to do or experience ~
hoxw			attempting to cause something to be ~, render ~
ta			without, lacking ~; free from ~
zqa			with ~, having ~, supplied with ~
da			covered with, saturated with ~; ~-ful; having much ~
ja			in accord with ~, suitable to ~; along, fitting ~
faj			able to have ~ done to it
gox			deserving ~, worthy of ~; ought to have ~ done to it
kwa			color of ~
na			made of ~; (with language name) in
paj			intended for, used for ~, for the benefit of ~, for the purpose of ~
dal			originating from ~
dxwa			pro-; in favor of, promoting ~
gxa			anti-; opposed to ~
sox			tending to do ~ often, much; (with entity roots) partial to, seeking, desiring ~
sxra			likely to do or be ~ soon
sxa			fruitful, productive of ~, making ~, being a source of ~
pa			Nth, ordinal; position in spatial or temporal series
saw			as the Nth in a sequence of diverse actions
poxm			derive evidentiality, validationality, or attitudinal adverb from root

{-box} is the basic adjective suffix, used primarily for nominal stems that
already signify a quality, state, or description.

hum			depth
hum-box			deep
fiqm			health
fiqm-box		healthy (of organisms)
huw			happiness, contentment
huw-box			happy

It's also used with number stems, to derive cardinal number modifiers from 
mathematical-object nouns, and with process/action stems, to form gerunds.

cxu			the number two; any set with two members 
cxu-box			two of
runx			going, coming, moving
runx-box		in motion, in transit

{-za} "pertaining to, associated with" is the most general and
productive adjectivizing suffix, applicable to practically any stem,
though most commonly used with entity or substance stems.  In recent
years the more specific suffixes {-paj} and {-dal} (see below) have
replaced some uses of {-za}.

raxm			cat
raxm-za			pertaining to cats
twax-cu			book
twax-cu-za		literary
gxax			human law
gxax-za			legal (pertaning to the law; for "allowed by law" use gxax-ja)
fiqm-za			sanitary, pertaining to health
max-daj-za    		popular, pertaining to the crowd or mass of people

There is at least one very idiomatic use of -za, however:

dix'ku    		pi (3.141592653...)
dix'ku-za    		round, circular

{-tan} "like, resembling" is similarly productive as {-za}, applying
to almost any kind of stem but especially to entity/substance stems.

max			human
max-tan			humanlike
baxm			newness
baxm-tan		like new
ciq			the number one
ciq-tan			unified, united

{-rox} is explicitly idiomatic in its usage; it selects an arbitrary
salient quality of the entity or substance referred to by its stem.

maxrm			marble
maxrm-rox		hard, unyielding
meq'hu			stew
meq'hu-rox		miscellaneous, variegated
wiqm			bag, sack
wiqm-rox		flexible, floppy
max-rox			sentient, self-aware

Most words for tastes  are derived with {-rox} from a stem
denoting a kind of food or drink:

mjyl			honey
mjyl-rox		sweet
kxaxrn			meat
kxaxrn-rox		umami
kix'piq			pepper (Capsicum)
kix'piq-rox		spicy
keq'fax			coffee
keq'fax-rox		bitter
cix'trun		lemon
cix'trun-rox		sour

The exception is "salty" from {saxl} "salt" as {saxl-tan}.



gzb has two kinds of causative, {-fwa} "effective causation" and
{-hoxw} "attempted/intended causation".  Words formed from these
suffixes are modifiers, and it's very common to form verbs based on
stems formed with them, as well as {-tla} or {-pja}
agent-nominalizations.  Words in {-hoxw} do not make any assertion
whether the attempted causation is successful or not.

Their effect with different kinds of stems:

entity, substance	turn patient object into an entity/substance of this kind
quality, state		cause patient to have this quality, be in this state
process, action		cause patient to undergo this process, do this action

E.g.,

zqeq'cxym		cheese
zqeq'cxym-fwa-zox	to make (some kind of milk) into cheese
twax-txy		word
twax-txy-fwa-zox	to lexicalize (a concept)
pym			amusement
pym-fwa			funny
pym-hoxw		intended to be funny
fliqnx			dancing
fliqnx-fwa		dance-inducing (of music e.g.)
kun			knowledge
kun-hoxw-zox		teach (attempt to cause someone to learn)
kun-hoxw-tla		teacher, professor
fiqm			health
fiqm-hoxw-zox		treat (attempt to make someone healthy)
fiqm-hoxw-tla		doctor, physician

{-fwa} is most often used with
link: semantic.htm#mindstate the mindstate words
to form words for subjective qualities, as in {pym} -> {pym-fwa} above.

{-ta}, {-zqa} and {-da} are used to form modifiers indicating the
absence or presence of an entity or substance, usually; they are more
rarely used with quality or process stems ({-ta} more often than the
others):

vlym			clothing
vlym-ta			naked
vlym-zqa		wearing something
vlym-da			fully dressed
pwiqm			water
pwiqm-ta		dry
pwiqm-da		soaking wet
syrm			line, stripe
syrm-zqa		striped (of animals, shirts, etc.); lined (of paper)
runx			locomotion
runx-ta			sessile, stationary, sedentary
hqiqn			restriction, imprisonment
hqiqn-ta		free

{-ja} "according to, fitting" is a counterpart of the noun-deriving
suffix {-dox} "violation of"; it applies productively to stems
signifying a standard by which actions can be judged, and more
idiomatically elsewhere.  With entity stems signifying long objects it
means "along".

......copy in -ja/-dox table and cut -dox lines

siq		river
siq-ja		along the/a river


{-faj} and {-gox} correspond to the English suffix -able, -ible:

lju-faj			readable, legible
lju-gox			worth reading
vax-faj			edible, digestible
vax-gox			delicious and nutritious, worth eating
syj-faj			usable, useful, ready to use

{-kwa} derives additional color terms (there are four basic root-word
color terms) from entities which typically have that color.

txiql			potato
txiql-kwa		light brown
cqiqm			chocolate
cqiqm-kwa		dark brown
six'niqn		orange (fruit)
six'niqn-kwa		orange (color)

Also:

veq'ty-riqm		window (door-vision)
veq'ty-riqm-kwa		transparent
jaxln			heat
jaxln-kwa		infrared
riqm-ca-cxa		mirror (see-V.REFL-tool)
riqm-ca-cxa-kwa		reflective

{-na} forms modifiers signifying their head is made the stuff referred
to by the stem.

zrynx			gold
txym zrynx-na		a gold ring
sjaxn			tin
hxax-kix'sul-tla sjaxn-na		the Tin Woodman
maxrm			marble
pxax maxrxm-na		a marble statue

{-paj} and {-dal} were added relatively late (in 2007), to substitute more
precisely for vague, polysemous {-za} in some uses.  {-paj} is
morphological sugar for the benefactive and purposive case
postpositions; depending on the meaning of the stem it applies to
it can mean "for the benefit of" or "for the purpose of":

max-jxiqn   			child
txunq max-jxiqn-paj		a story for children
six'dxyr			fighting, combat
hxax-cxa six'dxyr-paj		sword (cutting-tool for fighting with)


{-dal} creates modifiers signifying origin from the entity referred to
by the stem.  I created it while trying to find ways to express various
senses of polysemous English "natural" in gzb:

max-zla		humanity
max-zla-dal	natural (of languages, institutions; originating from humanity at large and not invented by one or a few people)
mu		the universe, our spacetime continuum
mu-dal		natural (originating from within our universe, not miraculous or supernatural)

.......copy in discussion and examples with -dxwa/-gxa
.....and new example:

pliq-toxn hqeq'naxw-gxa		allergy medicine


The suffixes {-sox} and {-sxra} are prototypically used with
process/action stems, forming modifiers meaning "tending to do ~
often" or "likely to do ~ soon".  With quality or state stems, their
meaning is similar: "tending to have this quality often", "likely to
enter this state soon".

mwiql		sleep
mwiql-sox	tending to sleep a lot (e.g., of cats)
mwiql-sxra	sleepy, likely to fall asleep soon
pym		amusement
pym-sox		easily amused
peq'lax		obsolete
peq'lax-sxra	obsolescent

With entity or substance stems, {-sox} modifiers tend to mean "having
a partiality toward ~", "preferring ~ to some implicit alternative":

raxm-sox	partial to cats
max-sxy-sox		attracted to women
twax-cu-sox	bibliophilic
vlym-sox	tending to wear clothes, having a nudity taboo

{-sxra} with such stems means "likely to become ~ soon" (cf. {-zwa} among
the nominalizing suffixes above):

kyn		parent
kyn-sxra	likely to have children before long (of a young couple, e.g.)
fiqm-hoxw-tla		physician
fiqm-hoxw-tla-sxra	used of a medical student who's about to graduate if nothing goes wrong

{-sxa} applies mostly to entity/substance stems, signifying 
"being a fruitful source of ~, producing many ~":

zym-sxa			creative, having many ideas
fru-sxa			having many children
meq'zax-sxa		growing a lot of corn (of a farm or farming region, e.g.)
twax-cu-sxa		prolific of written works
gjax-kriq-sxa		prolific of conlangs


It's unattested with quality or process stems; it seems the resulting
modifiers would be near-synonymous with {-fwa}-causatives.  Maybe:

bix'lym %%six'dxyr-sxa%%        rjax-i   sqix'fy-zxa-sxy   dax-box.
apple   %%fighting-productive%% quest-at spirit-AUG-female three-ADJ
Three goddesses sought the Apple of Discord.

The ordinal suffixes {-pa} and {-saw} are discussed in the 
section on 
link: #section3 derivation from numbers.


Depending on the semantics of the stem {-poxm} is applied to,
it can derive evidentiality, validationality, or attitudinality
adverbs; in any case the syntax of said adverbs is the same.

With stems that indicate a potential source of information -- a sense,
a communication process, a person, a book, etc. -- it forms
evidentiality adverbs:

riqm			vision
riqm-poxm		I saw it with my own eyes
lju			reading
lju-poxm		I read it somewhere
mix'riqj-poxm		Miriam says that...

With stems that indicate a degree or kind of certainty, it forms
validationality adverbs:

braxl			certainty
braxl-poxm		I'm sure that...
hyw			memory, experience
hyw-poxm		I remember / know by experience that...
jxriqw			supposing, expecting
jxriqw-poxm		I suppose / expect / assume that...

With other mindstate stems, emotional rather than intellectual, it
forms attitudinality adverbs:

sjum			gratefulness
sjum-poxm		thankfully
zxu			hope
zxu-poxm		hopefully

These adverbs, unlike most (I think {-saw} ordinals are the only other
exception), apply at the sentence level, and can either follow the
main verb or come at the beginning of the sentence.  For more on the
syntax of these adverbs and example sentences for their use, see
link: grammar.htm#evidentiality the relevant section of the syntax document.


------

Suffixes that form verbs

van			stative verb suffix
zox			active verb suffix
ca			reflexive verb suffix
moxj			reciprocal verb suffix

The use of verbs derived with these suffixes is discussed in the 
link: grammar.htm#section2 syntax document.

With process/action stems, verb derivations work as follows:

-van			to undergo this process
-zox			to deliberately perform this action / cause something to undergo this process
-ca			to cause oneself to undergo this process / do this action to oneself
-moxj			to cause each other to undergo this process / do this action to each other

See numerous examples in the syntax document.

With quality/state stems:

-van			to have this quality, be in this state
-zox			to cause something to be in this state
-ca			to cause oneself to be in this state
-moxj			to cause each other to be in this state

The causative suffix {-fwa} is not always needed in going from a
quality stem to a causative verb, though it's often used redundantly.

sqyj			cleanness
sqyj-van		to be clean
sqyj-zox		to clean, to wash, to bathe (someone/something)
sqyj-ca			to wash, bathe, shower (oneself)
sqyj-moxj		to wash each other

{sqyj-fwa-zox} is also attested; it can be synonymous with {sqyj-zox},
but it has another sense where one is causing e.g. clothes or dishes
to be washed by a machine rather than washing them directly by hand.


With entity/substance stems, {-fwa} is needed to explicitly form a causative
active verb meaning "to make something into an entity of this kind".
Verb derivations from entity/substance stems are:

-van			to be an entity of this kind
-zox			(idiomatic, unpredictable) to use an entity of this kind in a typical way
-ca			reflexive version of idiomatic {-zox} meaning for a given stem
-moxj			reciprocal version of idiomatic {-zox} meaning for a given stem

For instance,

kriq-gjax-pja		conlanger
kriq-gjax-pja-van	to be a conlanger
niqm			name
niqm-zox		to name, to assign a name to something
niqm-ca			to call oneself
kyw			lungs
kyw-zox			to breathe
pliq			pill
pliq-zox		to take pills
djax			contract, treaty, covenant
djax-moxj		to negotiate and sign a treaty, contract, covenant with each other
sxeq'hxax		chess
sxeq'hxax-moxj		to play chess with each other


------

Postpositions

Derived postpositions are formed by suffixing one of the core
link: grammar.htm#postp spacetime postpositions
-- {i}, {o}, or {rq} -- to a stem, usually a bare root word. 
Such postpositions are discussed in the syntax document.

------

Conjunctions

Exactly one suffix forms conjunctions, {-sqar}.

.......examples from old version...

....can I generalize about the meaning of -sqar conjunctions relative to the meaning of the stem?


------

Suffixes that leave the grammatical category of the stem unaltered

sra			more, to a greater degree, most (with quality or process stems); more than (with number or unit of measure stems)
jxar			less, to a lesser degree, least (with quality or process stems); less than (with number or unit of measure stems)
zxa			augmentation of root meaning; (with units of measure) kilo-
txox			diminution of root sense; (with units of measure) milli-
ma			indirect relationship; meta, recursive, self-referencing
jqa			rotate ~ 90 degrees vertical <--> horizontal; spilled (of liquids)
ra			repeatedly; intermittently
lwa			approximately, more or less, roughly ~
toxn			generalized superset of ~
cjaj			specialized subset of ~
txaj			other member of asymmetrical relationship; complement of pair; complement action; opposite
cox			opposite, reverse, contradictory quality
fja			minimum nonzero degree or amount
ga			metaphorical extension of stem's meaning
goxm			metonymic extension of stem's meaning
la			affectionate attitudinal suffix
kxa			respected, honored, feared, worshipped attitudinal suffix
ba			ambivalence attitudinal suffix
hqa			disapproval, dislike, contempt attitudinal suffix
nxa			surprised, astonished, amazed attitudinal suffix

The use of the comparative suffixes {-sra} "more/most" and {-jxar}
"less/least" with quality and process stems is discussed in 
link: grammar.htm#comparison comparison section
of the syntax document.
Here I'll just note that when they apply to number or
unit of measure stems, they mean more than or less than the amount
specified by the stem:

tiqm-sra		a set with more than a hundred members
tiqm-sra-box		more than a hundred
giq-sra-gla		a time later than eleven o'clock
kix'grax-jxar		less than a kilogram

The augmentative and diminutive suffixes {-zxa} and {-txox} are fully
productive and their meaning is transparent with quality stems and
most process stems.  With entity stems, and with some process stems,
their use is idiomatic and nonproductive.  For instance,

hum-box		deep
hum-zxa-box	extremely deep
hum-txox-box	slightly deep
bly-zox		to throw
bly-txox-zox	to toss gently
bly-zxa-zox	to throw really hard/far, to hurl

but:

tiqw		comfy chair
tiqw-txox	a not particularly comfortable chair
nxeq'mu		lizard
nxeq'mu-zxa	dinosaur
runx		going, moving, coming
runx-zxa	voyage, trip
req'jxy		wife
req'jxy-txox	girlfriend

With entity roots, the augmentative and diminutive suffixes don't
necessarily mean "large" or "small" (the quality roots {gxiq} and {ny}
can be compounded for those meanings), but take a salient aspect of
the word's meaning and augment or diminish it.  With unit of measure
stems, they are metric multipliers kilo- and milli- respectively:

kix'grax-zxa	megagram, metric ton
meq'tyr-txox	millimeter

The "meta" suffix {-ma} is somewhat idiomatic; its use with 
link: semantic.htm#p11_4572023 kinship terms
is regular and predictable, but in other areas it's less
so.  In general it refers to recursive or indirect relationships.
It's often used as a lexical dissimilation method where otherwise
a suffix (or suffixoid root) would be applied twice in a row,
e.g. with a system of systems or an indirect causative:

twax		sentence, saying
twax-cu		work, text, book (system of sentences)
*twax-cu-cu -> twax-cu-ma		anthology, collection
prym		appreciation of beauty, aesthetic enjoyment
prym-fwa	beautiful
*prym-fwa-fwa -> prym-fwa-ma	 causing to become beautiful, beautifying

Some other uses of {-ma}:

twax-zox		to say
twax-ma-zox		to implicate, hint at
lju-zox			to read
lju-ma-zox		to read between the lines, to read for subtext
nxy			distance
nxy-ma			area
runx			motion
runx-ma			acceleration


The suffix {-jqa} take a stem denoting a dimension or a physical
object with a particular orientation, and derives a word for another
dimension or object with orientation rotated 90 degrees around an axis
perpendicular to the direction of gravity.  That is, it takes words
for horizontal things and derives words for similar vertical things,
or vice versa.

hum-box			deep
hum-jqa-box		long/wide
laxn			floor
laxn-jqa		wall
swynx			desk
swynx-jqa		set of shelves
su-van			to be standing up
su-jqa-van		to be lying down
siq			river, creek, etc.
siq-jqa			waterfall


The suffixes {-toxn} and {-cjaj} are idiomatic and not 
productive; using them involves a conscious decision to expand the
lexicon.  The design of gzb in this area is based on the idea that
things that one talks about more often should have shorter names.  For
some semantic categories, the specifics are talked about more often;
for others, the genera.  For instance,

raxm		cat
raxm-toxn	animal
graxm		message
graxm-cjaj	email

If one lives with a cat, or has friends who do, one talks/thinks more
about cats than about animals in general.  On the other hand, one
often talks about sending a message to someone; less often one has to
specifically state that one sent an email.  (This was the theory I was
going by when I coined those words back in 1998.  In practice, I find
that in my journal I use {graxm-cjaj} more often than simple {graxm},
mostly because of the idiomatic sense its verb form has developed:
{graxm-zox}, to send a message (probably an email) to someone;
{graxm-cjaj-zox}, to read and perhaps reply to various emails.)


The repetitive/intermittent suffix {-ra} is discussed and some examples
given in the
link: grammar.htm#aspect aspect
section of the syntax document.  It's normally used with
process/action stems, of course, but it has at least one use with an
entity stem:

twax-cu-ma		anthology, collection of short texts
twax-cu-ma-ra		periodical, magazine

The "approximately" suffix {-lwa} is mostly used with number stems;
see 
link: #lwa the section on derivation from numbers 
for examples.
It's also somewhat interchangeable with the diminutive suffix {-txox}
with quality stems, e.g.:

hyrnx-lwa-box		sort of blue
hyrnx-txox-box		slightly blue

The 
link: grammar.htm#section17 fuzzy-logic clitic {fjoq}
has a similar meaning.


The opposite-derivation suffixes are {-txaj}, {-cox}, and {-fja}.
{-txaj} derives words signifying the complement of a pair of which the
stem denotes the other member; for instance, members of assymetrical
relationships, or complementary actions (where one action typically if
not necessarily implies another):

...... copy in -txaj table ...........

{-cox} derives opposites for quality-terms, and reversives of action
or process stems.

hum-box			deep
hum-cox-box		high
fwiq-zox		to collect
fwiq-cox-zox		to distribute

{-fja} signifies a minimal degree of the quality denoted by the stem.
It can also be used with entity stems, deriving modifiers meaning
"having a small but nonzero amount of ~"; in this sense it's in
contrast with {-ta}, {-zqa}, and {-da}.

hum-fja			shallow
hiq			difficulty
hiq-box			difficult
hiq-fja			easy
fu			light
fu-ta			pitch dark
fu-fja			dim but not totally dark
fu-zqa			lit, lighted; not necessarily bright or shadowless
fu-da			flooded with bright light

.....maybe copy in other -fja examples from old doc

......copy in discussion and examples of -ga and -goxm and unmarked plant/fruit metonymy

The attitudinal suffixes typically mark the speaker's attitude toward
the entity (or sometimes the process or quality) denoted by the stem.
(In fiction with a closely-focused viewpoint, they may mark the
viewpoint character's attitude, not necessarily the writer's.)
They're most commonly used with proper names, especially the first
time a person or other named entity is mentioned in a discourse, and
fairly often with second and third-person pronouns (sometimes even
with the first-person pronoun).

la			affection, love, liking...
kxa			respect, worship, awe
nxa			surprise, shock, consternation, awe
ba			ambivalence; strong but mixed feelings
hqa			dislike, disgust, disapproval, hatred

.....from here, copy in most of the section on "Attitudinal suffixes" from
the old version, except for the E-o/Lojban comparisons.........

If a person is mentioned by their full name, there is a nuance to
whether the attitudinal suffix is applied to their personal name or
their family name.  The latter suggests that the speaker feels a
certain way toward their family as a whole; the former, that they feel
thus toward this individual specifically.  If a person is mentioned
only by their family name, however, the application of an attitudinal
suffix doesn't necessarily imply said attitude toward other family
members who are not relevant to the discussion.

The speaker (or viewpoint character)'s attitude toward a situation as a
whole, rather than one of its elements, can be denoted more precisely by
a sentence-scope 
link: grammar.htm#attitudinal attitudinal adverb
derived from a mindstate stem with the suffix {-poxm}.  See the
discussion in the syntax document for examples.

============

..........next, I think, is breakdown of suffixes by the
  type of stem they can be applied to;

breakdown according to the words they can apply to:

- numbers only
- {gun} & {gun}-derived stems only only: all unless mentioned below
- pronouns as well: attitudinals, plus -ja, plus....   check list...
- {jum} as well: {toqj}, opposite suffixes, augmentative/diminutives
- postpositions as well: {toqj}, opposite suffixes
- conjunctions? any? {toqj} only, I think
- verbs: only {toqj}, I think, but maybe agent/tool nominalizers too...?   {vlym-ta(-ca)-pja}?
  and {riqm-ca-cxa} ... any examples in -kar or -ha?  ({lju-ca-kar}?)

------

Suffixes by the types of stem they can apply to

Here I'll just list the suffixes in each category, since I've already
treated the use of each in some detail in the sections above.

These categories refer mostly to the types of stems for which suffixes
form %%productive%% derivations; some may have improductive, idiomatic
uses with stems in other categories.  This restriction doesn't apply
to inherently idiomatic suffixes.  *******unclear

Suffixes that apply only to numbers

Suffixes that apply only to entity stems

Suffixes that apply only to process stems

Suffixes that apply only to quality stems

Suffixes that apply to quality or process stems

Suffixes that apply to entity, quality or process stems

Suffixes that can also apply to pronouns

Suffixes that can also apply to modifier clitics

Suffixes that can also apply to verbs






........where does this next section belong?  toward end?  or beginning?

-----

Incorporation of pronouns, determiners, and postpositions into compound words

Incorporation of pronouns into verbs is treated in 
link: grammar.htm#subjincorp the grammar document.
Pronouns can also be incorporated into compound nouns and modifiers,
however: in the simplest case, suffixing a pronoun to a noun stem,
they mark a general, vague kind of genitive, hypernymic to the various
highly specific genitive case tags -- for instance,

manx-kq		kq im manx		my hand
fru-tq		tq liqw-i fru		your child
rix'max-pq	pq wunx-i rix'max	his/her house


They can also be incorporated into modifiers, most often with {-ja}
and {-dox}: [TODO link to discussion of those suffixes]

vy-tq-ja		according to your will
sru-kq-ja		contrary to my desires
jxriqw-lq-ja		according to one's expectations
jxriqw-lq-dox		violating one's expectations

Certain clitics can also be incorporated into compound words; for
instance:

ty-jqoq-zqar		moving, changing one's residence
cxiq-koq-box		of this kind
pxiq-poq-box		having that quality
jax-noq-box		in what state?
max-jqoq-ta		alone, isolated

..........more complete list of clitics that can incorporate,
or shorter list of exceptional ones thta can't?

=================
